The Ballyhoo Bug- Have You Ever Wondered?

By: April Huffman, MSc.

Hey! What is that thing? Did the ballyhoo choke on its last dinner? Or is it a mini sea monster? Anyone experienced in dealing with ballyhoo that come from the Gulf and Atlantic waters off of south Florida has seen them..the creepy whitish creatures inside the ballyhoo’s mouth.

Unfortunately for the ballyhoo, they are not its last dinner, but a parasite with a very unusual life cycle that sounds more like science fiction than science. Specifically, they are the “isopod” called Glossobius hemiramphi. These isopods are crustaceans, like shrimp and crabs, but are more closely related to the little grey roly-poly bugs you find hiding under leaves and wood in your yard. There are over 10,000 species of isopods in the world, found in almost all environments. This large number of species makes them the most abundant crustaceans on earth. Only a few species out of the 10,000 are parasitic. Parasitic isopods are host-specific; that is, they seek out only certain species in which to pass their lives. Once attached to the host, they make their living by sucking bodily fluids and blood from their host. Our isopod G. hemiramphi is so specialized it can only live in two specific places in one fish species: the gills and the mouth of the ballyhoo.

This is no ordinary bloodsucker. Indeed, they are natural transsexuals. Here is how it happens: The free-swimming larvae, also known as a “manca” are released from their mother. They immediately begin looking for new host ballyhoo. After finding a suitable host (and home), they enter the gills, where they attach and begin life as functional male isopods. After further development, they move from the gills to the tongue, where they transform in pregnant females, releasing their babies and starting the whole process over again. This natural sex change can even be reversed when the parasites are stimulated by the presence of a new male isopod in the gills.

Fortunately for the ballyhoo and fishermen, the presence of these parasites has not been shown to affect the growth of the ballyhoo. Smaller ballyhoo are more likely to be infected, and studies have shown relatively high average infestation rates of 10% of the entire population. Infestations are highest in the summer months.

So the next time you pull one of these creatures out of the bait’s mouth to frighten an unwitting charter, you can also impress them with your knowledge of the intimate and interesting life of this tiny ballyhoo bug!